England, United Kingdom: Veenkoloniale Genealogieën

Notes:
England (pronounced IPA: /ˈɪŋglənd/) is a country to the northwest of Continental Europe and is the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its inhabitants acaccount for more than 85% of the total population of the United Kingdom, whilst the mainland territory of England occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and English Channel.

England became a unified state during the tenth century and takes its name from the Angles — one of a number of Germanic tribes who settled in the territory during the fifth and sixth centuries. The capital city of England is London, which is the largest city in Britain and largest city in the European Union.

England ranks among the most influential and far-reaching centres of cultural development in the history of the world. It is the place of origin of both the English language and the Church of England, and English law forms the basis of the legal systems of many countries, including the United States. It was the historic centre of the British Empire. It was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution and was the first country in the world to become industrialised. England is home to thhe Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science. England was the world's first parliamentary democracy and consequently many constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that had their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.

The Kingdom of England was a separate state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union resulted in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Etymology

England is named after the Angles (Old English genitive case, "Engla" — hence, Old English "Engla Land"), the largest of a number of Germanic tribes who settled in England in the fifth and sixth centuries, who are believed to have originated in the peninsula of Angeln, in modern-day northern Germany.

Their name has had a variety of different spellings. The earliest known reference to these people is under the name Anglii by Tacitus in chapter 40 of his Germania, written around 98. He gives no precise indication of their geographical position within Germania, but states that, together with six other tribes, they worshipped a goddess named Nerthus, whose sanctuary was situated on "an island in the Ocean."

The terms Angelfolc, Anglorum and Anglis were all used by Bede in Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) when referring to England and the English people.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary entry , the word Angle is derived from the same root as the word angle, originally meaning a fish hook and in this instance referring to the shape of the district where the Angles originated.

History

Prehistoric Britain

Bones and flint tools found in Norfolk and Suffolk show that homo erectus lived in what is now England around 700,000 years ago. At this time, England was linked to mainland Europe by a large land bridge. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and the Seine.

Archaeological evidence has shown that England was inhabited by humans long before the rest of the British isles because of its more hospitable climate.

Roman conquest of Britain

By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion of Britain, Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. Like other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.

Anglo-Saxon England

The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early mediaeval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the fifth century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066.

Fragmentary knowledge of Anglo-Saxon England in the fifth and sixth centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century) the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the ninth century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies.

The dominant themes of the seventh to tenth centuries were the spread of Christianity and the political unification of England. Christianity is thought to have come from three directions — Rome from the south and Scotland and Ireland to the north and west.

Heptarchy is a term used to refer to the existence (as believed) of the seven petty kingdoms which eventually merged to become the Kingdom of England during the early tenth century. These included Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex.

The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms tended to coalesce by means of warfare. As early as the time of Ethelbert of Kent, one king could be recognised as Bretwalda, or "Lord of Britain". Generally speaking, the title fell in the seventh century to the kings of Northumbria, in the eighth to those of Mercia, and finally, in the ninth, to Egbert of Wessex, who in 825 defeated the Mercians at Ellendun. In the next century his family came to rule all England.

Kingdom of England

Originally, England (or Angleland) was a geographical term to describe the territory of Britain which was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons, rather than a name of an individual nation state.

The Kingdom of England was not founded until the separate petty kingdoms were unified under Alfred the Great King of Wessex, who later proclaimed himself King of the English after liberating London from the Danes in 886.

For the next few hundred years, the Kingdom of England would fall in and out of power between several West-Saxon and Danish kings. For over half a century, the unified Kingdom of England became part of a vast Danish empire under Cnut, before regaining independence for a short period under the restored West-Saxon lineage of Edward the Confessor.

The Kingdom of England continued to exist as an independent nation-state right through to the Acts of Union and the Union of Crowns. However the political ties and direction of England were changed forever by the Norman conquest in 1066.

Norman conquest

The Norman conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. It is an important watershed in English history for a number of reasons. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe and lessened Scandinavian influence. The success of the conquest established one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe, created the most sophisticated governmental system in Europe, changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for English-French conflict that would last into the nineteenth century.

The events of the conquest also paved the way for a pivotal historical document to be produced - the Domesday Book. The Domesday Book was the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William the Conqueror. The survey was similar to a census by a government of today and is England's earliest surviving public records document.

To date, the Norman conquest remains the last successful military conquest of England.

Mediaeval England

The next few hundred years saw England as an important part of expanding and dwindling empires based in France, with the "King of England" being a subsidiary title of a succession of French-speaking Dukes of territories in what is now France. OnOnly when English kings realised that their losses in France meant that England was now their richest and most important possession did they accept the same "nationality" and language as their subjects in England. They used England as a source of troops to enlarge their personal holdings in France for many years (Hundred Years' War); in fact the English crown did not relinquish its last foothold on mainland France until Calais was lost during the reign of Mary Tudor (the Channel Islands are still crown dependencies, though not part of the UK).

The Principality of Wales, under the control of English monarchs from the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Wales shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity originally called England and later England and Wales.

Reformation

The English Reformation was the process whereby the external authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England was abolished and replaced with Royal Supremacy and the establishment of a Church of England outside the Roman Catholic Church and undder the Supreme Governance of the English monarch. The English Reformation differed from its other European counterparts in that it was more of a political than a theological dispute which was at the root of it. The break with Rome started in the reign of Henry VIII.

The English Reformation ultimately paved the way for the spread of Anglicanism in the church and other institutions.

English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642–1645) and second (1648–1649) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war of (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II and the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659): the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England came to an end, and the victors consolidated the already-established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament although this would not be cemented until the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

Charles II was the restored House of Stuart King of England in 1660, shortly after Cromwell's son, Richard Cromwell succeeded Oliver Cromwell and became Lord Protector.

Great Britain and the United Kingdom

When the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the unified Kingdom of Great Britain under the Acts of Union in 1707, both England and Scotland lost their individual political, though not legal, identities. This union hahas subsequently changed its name twice: firstly on the merger with the Kingdom of Ireland following the Act of Union in 1800 creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, and then following the secession from the union of the Irish Free State under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Throughout these changes, England retained a separate legal identity from its partners, with a separate legal system (English law) from those in Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland law) and Scotland (Scots law), and eventually the strong feelings of the Welsh were acknowledged when it was decided that the name would henceforth be "England and Wales".

Birth

Matches 1 to 27 of 27

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Birth		Person ID	Tree
1	Harriet	About 1818	England, United Kingdom	I451947	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Henry's Concubine 3	About 1133	England, United Kingdom	I1007769	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	NN	About 1159	England, United Kingdom	I1007760	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	NN Concubine	About 1170	England, United Kingdom	I1007788	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Andrews, John Beal	About 1824	England, United Kingdom	I543055	Veenkoloniale voorouders
6	Ashworth, Martha	Sunday 07 June 1812	England, United Kingdom	I452912	Veenkoloniale voorouders
7	Cheek, Hannah	Wednesday 30 November 1836	England, United Kingdom	I452900	Veenkoloniale voorouders
8	Davison, William E.	1861	England, United Kingdom	I448809	Veenkoloniale voorouders
9	Driscoll, Catherine	1898	England, United Kingdom	I89513	Veenkoloniale voorouders
10	of England, Geoffrey	Tuesday 23 September 1158	England, United Kingdom	I1243023	Veenkoloniale voorouders
11	Gifford, Matilda	About 1185	England, United Kingdom	I1007774	Veenkoloniale voorouders
12	Hodder, Sarah Anne	1840	England, United Kingdom	I238791	Veenkoloniale voorouders
13	Kennedy, H.	About 1900	England, United Kingdom	I364483	Veenkoloniale voorouders
14	Kingsley, Anna E.	November 1848	England, United Kingdom	I452903	Veenkoloniale voorouders
15	Longespée, Ela FitzWilliam	About 1228	England, United Kingdom	I1049381	Veenkoloniale voorouders
16	MacLeod, John	About 1726	England, United Kingdom	I333131	Veenkoloniale voorouders
17	Mathews, William	1796	England, United Kingdom	I451755	Veenkoloniale voorouders
18	van Mierlo, Rosa Jane	Friday 16 May 1862	England, United Kingdom	I309815	Veenkoloniale voorouders
19	de Neustria, Regentes Bathilde	Between 630 and 635	England, United Kingdom	I30808	Veenkoloniale voorouders
20	Plantagenêt, Prince Philip	About 1160	England, United Kingdom	I1243024	Veenkoloniale voorouders
21	Pocock, Charles	About 1814	England, United Kingdom	I451945	Veenkoloniale voorouders
22	Pocock, Elizabeth	About 1863	England, United Kingdom	I451946	Veenkoloniale voorouders
23	Sharrett, Elizabeth	Thursday 30 December 1909	England, United Kingdom	I347452	Veenkoloniale voorouders
24	Stanlowe, Elizabeth	About 1260	England, United Kingdom	I1327438	Veenkoloniale voorouders
25	Tracy, Hawisa [FitzWarin]	About 1186	England, United Kingdom	I1007772	Veenkoloniale voorouders
26	Valletort, Joan (Jane) de Vautort	About 1212	England, United Kingdom	I1007631	Veenkoloniale voorouders
27	Waters, Ann	About 1740	England, United Kingdom	I450647	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Christening

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Christening		Person ID	Tree
1	Botetourt, Sir John 2nd Lord Botetourt; of Weoley	1318	England, United Kingdom	I1054602	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Death

Matches 1 to 27 of 27

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Death		Person ID	Tree
1	Ida I Lady of Salisbury	Between 1266 and 1270	England, United Kingdom	I902217	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Polini	About 1801	England, United Kingdom	I693133	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Bonke, Louis Johan Marie	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I541583	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Boon, Willem Adams	Wednesday 04 October 1826	England, United Kingdom	I807153	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Brusse, H.C.J.	Friday 18 August 2000	England, United Kingdom	I605614	Veenkoloniale voorouders
6	Clobus, Henderika Johanna	2006	England, United Kingdom	I206725	Veenkoloniale voorouders
7	af Danmark, Gunhild	Saturday 13 November 1002	England, United Kingdom	I843018	Veenkoloniale voorouders
8	FitzAlan, Mary	Before 24 January 1376	England, United Kingdom	I843785	Veenkoloniale voorouders
9	Frank, Robert	Saturday 23 May 1953	England, United Kingdom	I58675	Veenkoloniale voorouders
10	Goudsmit, Ferdinand Gerardus	Wednesday 05 December 1900	England, United Kingdom	I322245	Veenkoloniale voorouders
11	Hamer, Max	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I65206	Veenkoloniale voorouders
12	Heerlijn, Obbe	1993	England, United Kingdom	I167266	Veenkoloniale voorouders
13	Holman, Johannes Harmannus	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I426664	Veenkoloniale voorouders
14	de Lara, Lea	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I119232	Veenkoloniale voorouders
15	van Mierlo, Ella E.	Tuesday 24 August 1948	England, United Kingdom	I309814	Veenkoloniale voorouders
16	van Mierlo, Rosa Jane	Saturday 16 October 1909	England, United Kingdom	I309815	Veenkoloniale voorouders
17	de Poher, Mathwedel	939	England, United Kingdom	I793907	Veenkoloniale voorouders
18	Rasker, Albert Fredriks	Tuesday 05 February 1850	England, United Kingdom	I72490	Veenkoloniale voorouders
19	Rees Williams, Ella Gwendoline	1979	England, United Kingdom	I65204	Veenkoloniale voorouders
20	van Rein, Albert Hendrik	1995	England, United Kingdom	I268903	Veenkoloniale voorouders
21	de Rothschild, Ferdinand James Anselm	Saturday 17 December 1898	England, United Kingdom	I739135	Veenkoloniale voorouders
22	von Sachsen, Hengist	488	England, United Kingdom	I434086	Veenkoloniale voorouders
23	Schreurs, Calixte	Thursday 20 February 1975	England, United Kingdom	I295281	Veenkoloniale voorouders
24	Thweng, Margery	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I836465	Veenkoloniale voorouders
25	Tilden Smith, Leslie	Date unknown	England, United Kingdom	I65205	Veenkoloniale voorouders
26	Tokesen, Pallig	Saturday 13 November 1002	England, United Kingdom	I793030	Veenkoloniale voorouders
27	Yurievskaya, Catherine Alexandrovna	Tuesday 22 December 1959	England, United Kingdom	I737491	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Occupation

Matches 1 to 2 of 2

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Occupation		Person ID	Tree
1	FitzAlan, Earl Richard 10th Earl of Arundel, Knight of the Garter		England, United Kingdom	I870431	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	of Scotland, John		England, United Kingdom	I828463	Veenkoloniale voorouders

Marriage

Matches 1 to 8 of 8

	Family	Marriage		Family ID	Tree
1	FitzWilliam / Deincourt	About 1296	England, United Kingdom	F371152	Veenkoloniale voorouders
2	Hamer / Rees Williams		England, United Kingdom	F26133	Veenkoloniale voorouders
3	Kennedy / Burgers		England, United Kingdom	F143244	Veenkoloniale voorouders
4	Norge / Héireann	988	England, United Kingdom	F325307	Veenkoloniale voorouders
5	Parssens / Collints		England, United Kingdom	F92729	Veenkoloniale voorouders
6	Schendel / Zimmerman	Saturday 30 August 1902	England, United Kingdom	F75164	Veenkoloniale voorouders
7	Tilden Smith / Rees Williams	1930	England, United Kingdom	F26132	Veenkoloniale voorouders
8	Vroom / Dooyes	About 1958	England, United Kingdom	F298515	Veenkoloniale voorouders

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